相移结构光三维成像动态误差补偿综述
Systematic Review of Motion Error Compensation Methods in Phase-Shifting Profilometry
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摘要: 相移结构光三维成像技术能够获取工业级的高精度点云,但在动态测量中面临运动误差的挑战:主要分为焦平面内运动导致的重影伪影与沿视线方向运动引发的波纹状畸变。本文系统综述了近年来的动态误差补偿方法,阐释了两类误差的产生机理,并据此将现有方法分为三类:针对重影伪影的补偿,核心在于通过特征点、光流或频域分析等进行运动估计与图像对齐;针对波纹状畸变的补偿,重点在于校正运动引入的相移偏差,可分为基于全局/邻域信息的非逐像素方法和保持像素独立性的逐像素方法;部分前沿工作更进一步地尝试构建统一的运动模型,以同时处理重影伪影和波纹状畸变。文中对比分析了各方法对不同运动模式的适用性,并总结指出现有方法主要存在的两方面不足:1)对运动误差补偿不全面,只考虑了单一类别的运动误差,适用场景受限;2)基于全局一致运动假设,难以应对非刚体、多目标等复杂动态场景。最后,讨论了动态相移结构光领域的未来发展趋势,包括:发展兼顾两类误差的联合补偿框架;突破全局运动假设,实现逐像素或局部自适应的运动估计与补偿;以及利用深度学习与虚拟仿真数据,探索端到端的动态误差补偿新路径等。Abstract: Phase-shifting profilometry (PSP) is a high-precision three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique capable of acquiring industrial-grade point clouds. However, its application to dynamic measurements is significantly affected by motion-induced errors. These errors are primarily classified into two categories: ghosting artifacts caused by in-plane motion and ripple-like distortions caused by motion along the line of sight. This paper presents a systematic review of motion error compensation methods developed for dynamic PSP in recent years. First, the mechanisms responsible for these two types of errors are explained. Existing compensation methods are then classified into three categories. The first category addresses ghosting artifacts through motion estimation and image registration based on feature matching, optical flow, or frequency-domain analysis. The second category focuses on ripple-like distortions by correcting motion-induced deviations in phase shifts; these methods are further divided into non-pixel-wise approaches, which rely on global or neighborhood information, and pixel-wise approaches, which preserve pixel independence. The third category comprises unified motion models that aim to simultaneously compensate for both ghosting artifacts and ripple-like distortions. The review also compares the applicability of these methods to different motion patterns and identifies two major limitations of existing approaches. First, most methods compensate for only one type of motion-induced error, which restricts their applicability. Second, many methods rely on assumptions of globally uniform motion, making them unsuitable for complex dynamic scenes involving multiple moving objects or nonrigid deformation. Finally, future research directions are discussed, including the development of integrated compensation frameworks that address both types of motion-induced errors, the replacement of global motion assumptions with pixel-wise or locally adaptive motion estimation, and the use of deep learning and virtual simulation data to enable end-to-end motion error compensation.
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