气象雷达鸟群目标多维特征建模与特性分析

Multidimensional Feature Modeling and Characteristic Analysis of Bird Flock Targets in Weather Radar

  • 摘要: 随着民航运输规模扩大及生态环境改善,鸟击事件频发,对航空安全构成威胁。飞鸟是典型的“低慢小”目标,具有低空飞行、飞行速度慢、体积小等特点,针对这种目标的识别和分类问题,其核心在于通过深度特征学习提取数据的显著特征,并结合目标物理特性与多维特征模型进行综合分析。气象雷达适用于大尺度范围内的迁徙鸟群目标监测,并且易于有效组网,能够获得目标的多种特征信息。本文以航空安全背景下的鸟群及气象目标为例,基于气象雷达的实测数据,通过雷达多维特征的参数化表征,对鸟群目标、降水目标以及云目标进行特征分析,研究目标反射率、谱宽特征、差分相位特征等6种多维特征的差异性,通过直方图可视化分析、主成分分析及Fisher线性判别方法,揭示了反射率、相关系数等关键特征参数在区分鸟群目标与气象目标的显著统计差异,并验证了目标间的可分性。实验结果表明,鸟群目标的相关系数呈现单峰正态分布特征、谱宽分布相对分散、反射率高度聚集于10~20 dBZ区间、差分相位集中在75°~125°的较高值区间等特征,与气象类目标存在显著差异。通过对不同目标聚类并计算目标之间的二范数距离,进一步验证了鸟群类与气象目标呈现出显著的可分性特征,为鸟击预警系统的构建奠定了数据与理论基础。

     

    Abstract: ‍ ‍With the expansion of civil aviation transportation and the improvement of ecological environments, bird strikes occur frequently, posing a threat to aviation safety. Birds are typical “low, slow, and small” targets, characterized by low-altitude flight, slow speed, and small size. The core challenge in recognizing and classifying such targets lies in extracting meaningful features from data through deep feature learning and combining the physical characteristics of the target with a multidimensional feature model for comprehensive analysis. Meteorological radar is suitable for large-scale monitoring of migratory bird flocks. It can be effectively networked and is capable of acquiring various target characteristic parameters. Taking bird flocks and meteorological targets in the context of aviation safety as examples, we analyzed measured meteorological radar data. By parametrically representing radar multidimensional features, the characteristics of bird flocks, precipitation, and cloud targets were examined, with a focus on features such as target reflectivity, spectral width, and differential phase characteristics, among others. Through histogram visualization analysis, principal component analysis, and the Fisher linear discriminant method, significant statistical differences were identified in key parameters—such as reflectivity and correlation coefficient—demonstrating their effectiveness in distinguishing bird flocks from meteorological targets. The experimental results show that the correlation coefficient of bird flock targets presents a single-peak normal distribution, the spectrum width distribution is relatively dispersed, the reflectivity is highly concentrated in the 10~20 dBZ interval, and the differential phase is concentrated in the high value interval of 75°~125°, all of which differ significantly from meteorological targets. By clustering different target types and calculating the two-norm distance between targets, further evidence of significant separability between bird flocks and meteorological targets is provided. These findings offer both data-driven and theoretical support for developing a bird-strike warning system.

     

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