5G-A通感一体基站组网低空感知关键技术
Key Technologies for Low-Altitude Sensing in 5G-A Integrated Communication and Sensing Networks
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摘要: 随着低空经济的兴起,对低空无人机进行监管成为支撑低空经济发展的必然要求。本文深入分析了城市环境下无人机雷达检测的技术难点。一方面,消费级无人机的小型化、高机动特征对雷达目标检测性能带来了巨大挑战。另一方面,密集城区环境下动、静杂波也带来了雷达检测率低与虚警率高的挑战。单雷达检测能力在这些挑战问题中表现不佳,这使得单站雷达在密集城区场景下存在较大的应用局限性。雷达组网感知技术从检测率提升和虚警率降低两个指标上都大幅提升了单站雷达能力,因此,雷达组网技术成为现代雷达技术发展趋势。虽然雷达组网技术有诸多优势,但要实现大规模雷达组网,也存在大量需要解决的技术与工程问题。相较于传统雷达组网存在的诸多局限,5G-A通感基站凭借其独特优势,能够充分复用5G-A通信基础网络的能力,进而成功攻克大规模雷达组网中时、频、空配准的关键技术难题。基于5G-A通感一体基站组网架构,得以实现基于相参或非相参机制的多站联合信号检测技术,以及基于点云数据融合或轨迹级关联的联合目标追踪与多站联合目标识别等一系列核心技术。这些技术经理论分析与实践验证,在提升低空无人机检测能力方面成效显著,满足低空感知指标要求,从而使得5G-A通感一体基站组网成为城市环境低空感知体系中不可或缺的关键构成部分。Abstract: With the expanding low-altitude economy, effective regulation of low-altitude drones has emerged as a critical prerequisite for industrial sustainability. This paper systematically investigates the technical challenges of radar-based drone detection in urban environments. Two primary challenges are identified: the miniaturization and high maneuverability of consumer-grade drones impose significant constraints on radar target detection performance and dynamic and static clutter in dense urban areas contribute to low detection rates and high false alarm rates. Single-station radar systems are shown to be ineffective under these conditions, necessitating advanced networking solutions. Radar networking technology enhances detection capabilities through improved detection rates and reduced false alarms, positioning it as a transformative trend in modern radar development. However, large-scale implementation encounters significant technical and engineering hurdles. Innovatively, 5G-A communication-sensing integrated base stations were proposed to address these issues by leveraging existing 5G-A infrastructure. This architecture resolves critical technical barriers in large-scale radar networking, particularly time-frequency-space synchronization. A hierarchical master-slave networking framework was developed to support multi-station joint signal detection using coherent/non-coherent mechanisms and advanced target tracking/recognition through data fusion. Theoretical analysis and field validation confirmed the efficacy of these technologies. In urban deployments, track association success rates and equipment cost reductions were demonstrated compared with conventional radar systems. By dynamically multiplexing communication resources, implementing intelligent interference suppression, and enabling collaborative multi-station processing, 5G-A communication-sensing integration establishes a scalable solution for urban low-altitude sensing systems. This breakthrough satisfies the stringent requirements of low-altitude detection and provides a technological foundation for smart city infrastructure development.